Development

This article aims to introduce you into DDNet development, since it's an open-source game, it relies on random people kind enough to contribute to it on their free time.

Your development environment

It is extremely recommended to set up a Linux environment to begin programming in DDNet for the following reasons (as of now):

• Most DDNet contributors actually use Linux to contribute.
• Easier package management, you can easily install all the needed libraries and begin contributing.
• This article doesn't have yet a Windows version and is focused on Linux.

First an foremost, DDNet is coded using the C++ programming language, you will need to be fairly familiar with it, but you can also know the basics and learn more with it.

Some useful resources to learn C++:

• learncpp.com
• cppreference.com
• Your search engine of preference

The source code of DDNet is managed using Git, a version control system, an essential tool to collaborate with multiple developers.

If you don't have git yet in your Linux distribution, make sure to install it, for example in most debian/ubuntu based distributions: sudo apt install git.

Getting the source code

The source code is located on Github, you can get the source code by cloning without the need of an account, but if you want to ever put your changes to the official source code you will need one.

If you are not familiar with git/github you can learn the basics here: Hello World - Github

Installing the dependencies

If you are on Linux, you can install all the needed dependencies by reading the README on the DDNet github page: https://github.com/ddnet/ddnet#dependencies-on-linux--macos

For Arch Linux:

sudo pacman -S --needed base-devel cmake curl ffmpeg freetype2 git glew glslang gmock libnotify libpng opusfile python rust sdl2 spirv-tools sqlite vulkan-headers vulkan-icd-loader wavpack x264

For Debian:

sudo apt install build-essential cargo cmake git glslang-tools google-mock libavcodec-extra libavdevice-dev libavfilter-dev libavformat-dev libavutil-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev libfreetype6-dev libglew-dev libnotify-dev libogg-dev libopus-dev libopusfile-dev libpng-dev libsdl2-dev libsqlite3-dev libssl-dev libvulkan-dev libwavpack-dev libx264-dev python3 rustc spirv-tools

Compiling DDNet

We use CMake to control the compilation process, if you have all the dependencies installed, it's as easy as following these commands (make sure you are on the DDNet folder):

mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
make -j$(nproc)

General information

Here are some general bits of information:

• Currently, the source code is compiled with the C++17 standard, but you will see that many parts of the code are more C-like since only mostly new code uses C++17 stuff.
• std::string is rarely used, char arrays plus using system.h methods for handling them are the norm.
• Most I/O code, formatting and printing is done using system.h provided methods.

The source code layout

Now that you can build DDNet you can begin editing it.

The src/base directory

Since DDNet is a cross-platform game, an abstraction layer over that is needed to make development easier, this directory contains many useful functions to handle that.

The src/engine directory

Here lies the game engine, it handles most stuff that is not gameplay related, such as graphics, sound, network, etc.

The src/game directory

All gameplay related code is here, separated into client and server.

Server side

This game uses its own hierarchical object-oriented entity system, the main class to which all other entities derive from is CEntity located in src/game/server/entity.h.

These entities are managed by the game world located here src/game/server/gameworld.h

Some important entities are:

• CCharacter: Represents a tee that is alive, it is instantiated when a tee spawns and deleted when it dies. For information about the player kept between deaths, see CPlayer.

Client side

The client side is made up of components, these are classes that inherit CComponent: These components can implement the virtual methods such as OnInit, OnMessage, etc. to provide their functionality.

Networking

The network protocol is mostly generated by python scripts that output C++ code, for example, datasrc/network.py defines all network packets.

Code conventions

The ongoing discussion on code conventions is located here: ddnet#2945

Currently, the following applies:

Indentation style

Allman style is used.

This style puts the brace associated with a control statement on the next line, indented to the same level as the control statement. Statements within the braces are indented to the next level.

while(x == y)
{
    Something();
    SomethingElse();
}

FinalThing();

Classes and Structs

Must be prefixed by C (for legacy reasons this is ignored for structs in some places, such as in graphics code) or I for interfaces. New structs should be prefixed by S.

Example:

class CCharacter : public CEntity
{
    // ...
}

Enums and constants

Should be screaming snake case, for example: MAX_PLAYERS

enum
{
	FAKETUNE_FREEZE = 1,
	FAKETUNE_SOLO = 2,
	FAKETUNE_NOJUMP = 4,
	FAKETUNE_NOCOLL = 8,
	FAKETUNE_NOHOOK = 16,
	FAKETUNE_JETPACK = 32,
	FAKETUNE_NOHAMMER = 64,
};

Variable naming

• The names of variables contain 3 parts: qualifier, prefix and name.
• Variable names should start with uppercase unless they are 1 char long without any prefix or qualifier, for example: i, x, y.
• Variables can have more than 1 qualifier (or zero) and more than 1 prefix (or zero).

These are laid out like this: [qualifiers]_[prefixes][Name]

Qualifiers

• m for member variables: m_MyVariable.
• s for static variables: s_MyStaticVariable, ms_MyStaticMemberVariable.
• g for global variables with external linkage: gs_MyGlobalStaticVar.

Prefixes

• p for pointers: pMyPointer, m_pCharacter, ppMyPointerToPointer.
• a for arrays: aMyArray, aBuf.
• v for std::vectors: vMyVector, vpvMyVectorOfPointersToVectors.
• fn for functions: pfnMyCallback, m_papfnMyPointerToArrayOfCallbacks.

Common snippets

Here is a list of code that you may frequently see across the codebase:

Formatting text

char aBuf[128];
str_format(aBuf, sizeof(aBuf), "number: %d", 2);

See printf documentation for a list of all format specifiers.

Iterating over all players

for(int i = 0; i < MAX_CLIENTS; i++)
{
    // Server-side
    CPlayer *pPlayer = GameServer()->m_apPlayers[i];
}

Printing to the game console

Console()->Print(IConsole::OUTPUT_LEVEL_STANDARD, "wikiprint", "Hello from the ddnet wiki!");

Debug printing

int i = 2;
dbg_msg("wikiprint", "Hello from the ddnet wiki: %d", i);

Translating text in the client

Localize can be used in the game client to get the translation for a specific string from the language file selected by the user.

DoButton(..., Localize("Connect"), ...);

The string can also contain format specifiers. The translated string must contain the same format specifiers.

char aBuf[128];
str_format(aBuf, sizeof(aBuf), Localize("%d of %d servers"), NumServers, TotalServers);

A script is used to scan the code for calls to Localize and collect the strings to update the translation files. For this reason, the call to Localize must not contain any other code, or the script cannot determine the text correctly.

// Do NOT do this:
const char *pStr = Localize(Team == TEAM_RED ? "Red team" : "Blue team");

// Do this instead:
const char *pStr = Team == TEAM_RED ? Localize("Red team") : Localize("Blue team");

External resources

• UI Code in DDraceNetwork by Ryozuki
• An intro to the DDraceNetwork game source code by Ryozuki
• Code conventions in DDraceNetwork by Ryozuki
• Implementing a chat command in DDraceNetwork by Ryozuki
• Auto generated docs
• Technical documentation of Teeworlds file formats and network protocol
• The Anatomy of a One Tick Unfreeze
• Teeworlds programming YouTube tutorial by ChillerDragon
• Teeworlds 0.6/0.7 network protocol documentation by ChillerDragon

About Tee Skin Rendering

This section explains how to render a tee skin.

Values put together by Patiga
Special Thanks to Jupstar

Segment Scaling:
   body: 100%
   feet: 150%
   eyes: 120%
   eye blink: 45%
   hand: 93.75%

Positioning:
   64/64 = 1 = width or height of the body segment
   body: 4/64 up
   feet:
       10/64 down
       7/64 left/right
   eyes:
       0.125 up
       0.05 left/right

   eye movement:
       dir = angle of eyes (view angle), right = 0
       eyes:
           x: cos(dir) * 0.125
           y: sin(dir) * 0.1
       each eye (away from the other):
           x: abs(cos(dir)) * 0.01